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Article History

Received: 22 October 2025

Accepted: 19 January 2026

First Online: 17 February 2026

Declarations

:

: All participants provided informed consent prior to participation. In accordance with the policies of the authors’ institution, formal ethical approval was not required for this type of non-invasive behavioral study involving adult participants.

: All participants provided informed consent prior to participation in the study.

: As all data are fully anonymized, consent for publication was not required.

: The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

: Data or materials for the experiments are available upon request, and none of the experiments was preregistered.

: For all experiments reported in this paper, we confirm that all measures, conditions, and data exclusions have been fully reported. Concerning the sample size, because the present analyses were purely descriptive, no a priori power analysis was conducted. A sample of 44 participants was considered sufficient to provide a reliable descriptive characterization of response patterns, consistent with the sample size used in a comparable exploratory study employing magic to investigate perceptual attribute substitution errors (Thomas et al., ).