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Article History

Received: 17 August 2025

Accepted: 5 April 2026

First Online: 14 May 2026

Declarations

:

: The authors have no competing interests to declare that are relevant to the content of this article.

: Approval was obtained from the Institutional Review Board of the Department of Psychology at Sun Yat-sen University. The procedures used in this study adhere to the tenets of the Declaration of Helsinki.

: Informed consent, including consent for publication of the findings, was obtained from all individual participants.

: All facial images shown are synthetic composites created by blending multiple faces from a publicly available database; no original identifiable likeness is recognizable, and no additional consent for publication was required.

: Data and materials for the experiments reported in this manuscript are available upon request from the corresponding authors. None of the experiments were preregistered.