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Authors
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Natural Science Foundation of China (32171046)
National Natural Science Foundation of China (32200844)
National Natural Science Foundation of China (32441105)
National Natural Science Foundation of China (32471093)
Science and Technology Innovation 2030-“Brain Science and Brain-like Research” Major Project (2022ZD0210800)
Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (226-2024-00118)
Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (226-2024-00207)
Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (226-2025-00127)
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Article History
Received: 16 September 2025
Accepted: 13 April 2026
First Online: 27 May 2026
Declarations
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: The study was approved by the institution review board at the Department of Psychology and Behavioral Sciences, Zhejiang University. The procedures used in this study adhere to the tenets of the Declaration of Helsinki.
: Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.
: Not applicable.
: The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare that are relevant to the content of this article.
: The data are available on the Open Science Framework ( ).The materials for the experiments reported here are available upon request to the corresponding author, and none of the experiments was preregistered.
