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Article History

Received: 9 July 2025

Accepted: 28 April 2026

First Online: 28 May 2026

Declarations

:

: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

: The procedures were approved by the University of California, Santa Barbara Human Subjects Committee and the Army Research Office/Human Research Protection Office.

: Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.

: The authors affirm that human research participants provided informed consent for publication. There is no identifying information of individual participants in this article.

: Experiment 1 was fully preregistered at osf.io/58hyw. Experiment 2 was fully preregistered at osf.io/sev9k. All data (including pilot data) and materials are available at osf.io/anwzx.