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Authors
Garre-Frutos, Francisco https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9810-186X
Vadillo, Miguel A. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8421-816X
Theeuwes, Jan https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5849-7721
van Moorselaar, Dirk https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0491-1317
Lupiáñez, Juan https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6157-9894
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
European Regional Development Fund (CEX2023-001312-M, PID2023-148421NB-I00, PID2023-150830NB-I00)
Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek (406.21.GO.034)
Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades (CEX2023-001312-M, EST24/00043, FPU20/00826, PID2023-148421NB-I00, PID2023-150830NB-I00)
Universidad de Granada (Contrato Puente UGR, PPVS2025-01, UCE-PP2023-11)
European Research Council (833029)
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Article History
Received: 29 September 2025
Accepted: 29 June 2026
First Online: 18 September 2026
Declarations
Conflict of interest: The authors report that there are no competing interests to declare.
Ethical approval: The study was approved by the Ethics Committee at the University of Granada (2442/CEIH/2021) and adhered to the Declaration of Helsinki.
Consent to participate: Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.
Consent for publication: Not applicable.
Open Practice Statement: This experiment complies with the TOP guidelines. All materials, data, and scripts are publicly available at and , and the preregistered methods and analyses ( ) were registered before data collection. We report how we determined our sample size, data exclusions, manipulations, and measures in the study.
