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Article History

Received: 29 January 2026

Accepted: 18 August 2026

First Online: 17 September 2026

Declarations

Conflicts of interest/competing interests: There were no conflicts of interest.

Ethics approval: This study was granted ethics approval by the School of Psychology Research Ethics Committee at University of Leeds (Ref: PSCETHS-1085).

Consent to participate: This was covered in the ethics approval by the School of Psychology Research Ethics Committee at University of Leeds (Ref: PSCETHS-1085).

Consent for publication: This was covered in the ethics approval by the School of Psychology Research Ethics Committee at University of Leeds (Ref: PSCETHS-1085).

Open practices statement: Methodological plans and hypotheses for this study were pre-registered ( ). Raw and summary data can be accessed from our Open Science Framework (OSF) project homepage ( ).