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Article History

Accepted: 20 November 2023

First Online: 25 January 2024

Declarations

:

: The current work was supported by Noldus Information Technology BV, Wageningen, the Netherlands, with the software license and assistance with the setup of Baby FaceReader 8 and 9 for the automated video data analysis stages of the project; Noldus did not have any further involvement in the project. The data collection was performed without consideration of the current study and was completed prior to the initiation of this collaboration. No parts of the original data had been submitted for the purpose of training computer vision models, including (Baby) FaceReader (Noldus, ), prior to the completion of the automated facial expression measurements for this manuscript. Please also note that the technical description of Baby FaceReader 9 regarding the model architecture, training procedure, and training database described in this manuscript is based on information provided in the user manual (Noldus, ) and personal communication requesting additional details from Noldus (March 8, 2023; March 16, 2023). The authors of this manuscript had no access to the source code of the software, and hence were unable to assess the validity of the technical specifications.

: All study procedures involving data collection from human participants were approved by the Ethics Committee Board of the Faculty of Social and Behavioral Sciences, University of Amsterdam (Ethics Approval Receipt: ID number 2016-CDE-7403).

: Informed consent to participate in the study was obtained in written form from all parents.

: All parents included in this study provided consent for the use of their child’s video data for analysis purposes as well as for the open access sharing of the fully anonymized data.