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Article History

Accepted: 8 September 2024

First Online: 3 January 2025

Declarations

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: Approval was obtained from the ethics committee of the University of Quebec at Trois-Rivières. The ethical certification number is CERPPE-22-06-07.03.

: Participants involved in the creation and validation of stimuli read an information and consent form and provided written consent. All data were pseudonymized. All participants provided informed consent to take part in the study and agreed to the use of the results for this research and their publication in a scientific journal. The participants were volunteers and could stop the experiment at any time.

: All actors agreed in writing that their images being disseminated, communicated, or made accessible to the public by any means and on all media, within the framework of the project and all related activities. All actors except two (image from these two participants are therefore not present on OSF) have consented to the secondary use of the images so that they can be stored on the Open Science Framework (OSF) in a stimulus set intended for the scientific community, and they may be used by its members in the future, within the context of other research projects.

: The data and materials for all experiments are available at , , , and this study’s design and its analysis were not pre-registered.

: The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest, financial or otherwise.

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