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Article History

Accepted: 14 November 2024

First Online: 30 January 2025

Declarations

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: The experiments are typical reaction time studies with a duration of less than 20 min. Because subjects were fully informed of their rights, the personal data collected (demographics), and the possibility of publishing the data in anonymized, averaged form, using a Participant Information and Informed Consent Form validated by the ethics committee and data protection office of the university where the data were collected, no separate ethics approval had to be obtained for this type of reaction time study. All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards.

: Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.

: Informed consent was obtained from all subjects participating in the study that personal data (demographics) and reaction time data may be published in anonymized averaged form, and that data such as reaction time data, age, gender, handedness, and any additional data collected in the experiments regarding keyboard and screen, etc., may be published anonymously as a data sheet. The data were never traceable to an individual.

: The data and materials for all four experiments are available at OSF (). Experiment 1 (), Experiment 2 (), and Experiment 3 () were preregistered.

: Inquiries regarding the plugins should be sent to Emiel Cracco (Emiel.Cracco@UGent.be). Inquiries regarding the validation of the online task should be sent to Mareike Westfal (mareike.westfal@leuphana.de).Inquiries regarding the whole code and the structure of the online task can be sent to both.

: The authors have no competing interests to declare that are relevant to the content of this article.