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Article History

Accepted: 3 December 2024

First Online: 22 January 2025

Declarations

:

: Approval from the ethics committee for the reanalysis of the empirical dataset on dropout in mathematics was obtained prior to the analyses.

: Informed consent to participate in the study on university dropout in mathematics was obtained from all individual participants at the beginning of the data collection process. The data were collected, stored, and processed in accordance with the European General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR).

: All authors approve the final version of the article.

: Not applicable.

: Due to data protection rules, the data cannot be made available, but documented code for the analyses in this article is also available at and is illustrated with simulated data.

: The authors acknowledge that if the manuscript is accepted for publication, the authors are responsible for obtaining written permission to use the material.

: The authors understand that for publication in Behavior Research Methods, the copyright to the manuscript must be transferred to Psychonomic Society (refer to for specific details). Open-access articles are published under a different license (see Open Access Publishing for more information).