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Article History

Accepted: 16 January 2025

First Online: 3 February 2025

Declarations

:

: All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the Ethics Committee of the Institute of Linguistics at Shanghai International Studies University (Approval No. 20231020030) and with the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards.

: Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study. Participants were informed about the purpose of the research, the procedures involved, their rights to withdraw at any time without penalty, and the confidentiality of their data.

: Participants provided written informed consent for the publication of anonymized data. No identifying information (e.g., names, dates of birth, identity numbers, biometric characteristics, or other distinguishing features) is included in the manuscript. All data presented are fully anonymized to protect participant identity, and images or voice recordings that could potentially identify individuals are not included.

: Materials, programs, data, and code are available at and can also be obtained from the corresponding author upon request. None of the experiments were preregistered.

: The authors declare no conflicts of interest or competing interests.