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Authors
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation (No. 2022A1515012185)
Data Center of Management Science, National Natural Science Foundation of China - Peking University (No. 32071049)
National Science and Technology Innovation 2030 Major Program (No. 2021ZD0203800)
China Scholarship Council
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Article History
Accepted: 23 April 2025
First Online: 23 June 2025
Declarations
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: All authors confirmed that there was no potential conflict of interest.
: School of Psychology, South China Normal University has offered ethics approval for the authors to conduct the research, which complies with the ethics framework of the university to guarantee the rights, dignity, and safety of participants. All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards as laid down in the 1964 Declaration of Helsinki and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards.
: All participants provided the informed consent to participate.
: All participants have consented to the use of data they have generated and the submission of the data and the analysis based on the data to the journal. All authors gave their consent for publication.
: Materials and analysis code are available at , , and , and the experiment was not preregistered.
