Document is current

Article History

Accepted: 3 June 2025

First Online: 25 July 2025

Declarations

: The authors declare no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

: All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional. Ethical approval was obtained from the Dyslexia Center Screening and Early Intervention Pilot Program, California Department of Education, and University of California, San Francisco, Institutional Review Board (Approval Number: IRB 21–34782).

: The study aimed to reduce selection bias with a passive consent process. The Institutional Review Board of UCSF determined that a process of informing parents about the study and how their children would be participating, with clear instructions on how to opt out through communications with their school administrators, was appropriate for the research going into a universal screener. Parents of eligible kindergarten, first-, and second-grade students received an information sheet describing the project, which involved normal classroom activities and presented no more than minimal risk to participants and clear instructions on how to opt out, if disinterested in participating. Children whose parents wished to opt out did not participate in study activities. All data were de-identified, and no individual was identifiable by researchers.

: The authors declare no competing interests.