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Funding for this research was provided by:
Universität Mannheim
Universität Mannheim
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Article History
Accepted: 25 June 2025
First Online: 1 August 2025
Declarations
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: None of the Studies 1 to 3 involved methods that required explicit ethics approval according to the statutes of the Mannheim University IRB. No deception was used, and participants were fully informed to end their voluntary participation at any time or to demand the erasure of their data. The research of Study 4 was approved by the research ethics board of the University of Erfurt. Project title: “KEEP-Panel Thüringen” 20210923.
: All participants gave explicit consent to participate after being informed about the study and data protection measures. In addition, parents (or legal guardians) gave written informed consent in Study 4.
: The informed consent to participate included the consent for publication.
: All authors declare that no conflicts of interest exist.
