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Authors
Aguirre, María Julieta https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8310-1402
Barttfeld, Pablo
Martín-Arévalo, Elisa
Lupiáñez, Juan
Luna, Fernando G.
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Spanish Ministry of Economy, Industry and Competitiveness (PID2020-114790GB-I00)
Spanish Ministry of Economy, Industry and Competitiveness (PID2023-148421NB-I00)
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Article History
Received: 14 October 2024
Accepted: 12 August 2025
First Online: 3 October 2025
Declarations
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: Informed consent was obtained from all participants of the study.
: Only participants who did not indicate that their anonymized data should not be used for analysis and publication were included.
: Signed informed consent was obtained from all participants in both experiments, following the ethical standards established in the 1964 Declaration of Helsinki (last updated: Fortaleza, ). All participants had normal or corrected-to-normal vision. Experiment 1 was approved by the Ethical Committee of the Institute of Psychological Research (CEIIPsi, protocol PE41, version 2), and Experiment 2 was approved by the University of Granada’s Ethical Committee (2442/CEIH/2021).
: The authors declare no conflict of interest. The funders had no role in the design of the tasks and the tool, in the writing of the manuscript, or in the decision to publish the paper. Fernando G. Luna is employed by Beway Consulting S.L., which was not involved in the study design, the data collection or interpretation, the writing of this article, or the decision to submit it for publication.
