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Article History

Received: 17 January 2025

Accepted: 1 September 2025

First Online: 12 January 2026

Declarations

:

: This study was performed in line with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. Approval was granted by the Ethics Committee of the Technical University of Munich (TUM Ethics Committee 2023-115-S-KK).

: Participants signed an informed consent form prior to participation in this study.

: Participants consented to the publication of the data from this study by signing an informed consent form.

: Data and analysis code are available on GitHub at:  and archived on Zenodo ( ). This study was not pre-registered.

: During the preparation of this work, the authors used ChatGPT to assist in reformulating sentences and improving the clarity of the manuscript. All content was subsequently reviewed and revised by the authors, who take full responsibility for the final version of the publication.

: CG and SLH have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose. JZ declares the following potential conflicts of interest in the past five years (2021-2025). Academic roles: Member of Joint Technical Committee 20 (JTC20) of the International Commission on Illumination (CIE); Member of Research Data Alliance Working Group Optical Radiation and Visual Experience Data; Speaker of group 2 (melanopic effects of light) of the Technical Scientific Committee (TWA) of the German Society of Lighting Technology and Design (LiTG) Remunerated roles: Examiner, Swiss Lighting Society; Teacher, LiTG; Teacher, University of Applied Sciences, Munich, Teacher, Technical University of Applied Sciences, Rosenheim. Associated partner, 3lpi lighting design + engineering, Munich. Tool- and 3D-model design, Zumtobel Lighting GmbH; Course design, University of Applied Sciences, Munich & Virtual University Bavaria. Honoraria for talks: Received honoraria from LiTG; Lamilux (Heinrich Strunz GmbH); Robert-Bosch Hospital Stuttgart; Ergotopia GmbH; German statutory accident insurance institution for the administrative sector (VBG); BRIXEN CULTUR, Italy; KITEO GmbH & Co.KG; University of Applied Sciences Augsburg. Travel reimbursements: Daimler und Benz Stiftung. Patents: Together with 3lpi holds a design patent for non-visually optimized luminaire (No 008194021-0001 through -0006) at the European Union Intellectual property office. MS declares the following potential conflicts of interest in the past five years (2021–2025). Academic roles: Member of the Board of Directors, Society of Light, Rhythms, and Circadian Health (SLRCH); Chair of Joint Technical Committee 20 (JTC20) of the International Commission on Illumination (CIE); Member of the Daylight Academy; Chair of Research Data Alliance Working Group Optical Radiation and Visual Experience Data. Remunerated roles: Speaker of the Steering Committee of the Daylight Academy; Ad-hoc reviewer for the Health and Digital Executive Agency of the European Commission; Ad-hoc reviewer for the Swedish Research Council; Associate Editor for LEUKOS, journal of the Illuminating Engineering Society; Examiner, University of Manchester; Examiner, Flinders University; Examiner, University of Southern Norway.