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Article History

Received: 5 June 2024

Accepted: 13 September 2025

First Online: 27 October 2025

Declarations

:

: The authors have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose.

: The Institutional Review Board for Human Subject Research at the University of Miami approved this study for human participants.

: Informed consent was obtained from the caregivers of all infants included in the study.

: The authors affirm that both adults consented to publication of the images in Figs. and , and parents consented to the publication of their infant’s image in Figs. and .

: The de-identified face tracking data and expert human coder data are available at Open Science Framework repository: . The raw newborn video data used for the manual and automated mouth opening detection are stored in the data repository of the University of Miami and are not shared in open-access format to protect participants’ confidentiality. Video data sharing is available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request. The study was not preregistered.Python code for replicating the training and evaluation of the support vector machine classifier and a user-friendly toolkit with instructions are available at the Open Science Framework repository: .