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Authors
Niehorster, Diederick C. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4672-8756
Tamborski, Szymon https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3636-5824
Nyström, Marcus https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2089-9012
Konklewski, Robert
Pryhodiuk, Valentyna https://orcid.org/0009-0009-9235-0449
Tołpa, Krzysztof https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6223-234X
Hessels, Roy S. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4907-1067
Szkulmowski, Maciej https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2006-0524
Hooge, Ignace T. C.
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Fundacja na rzecz Nauki Polskiej (POIR.04.04.00-52200-2070/16-00)
Narodowe Centrum Nauki (2023/51/B/ST7/02787)
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Article History
Received: 12 July 2025
Accepted: 23 October 2025
First Online: 19 November 2025
Declarations
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: Authors DN and MN are owners of eye tracking consulting companies (DC Target AB and Emnys Consulting AB, respectively). MS is an owner and RK is an employee of Inoko Vision. The other authors declare no conflicts of interest.
: Approval no KB 352/2019 of the Bioethics Committee of Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Poland.
: The participants gave consent to participate.
: The participants gave consent to have their data reported in the publication in aggregated form.
: The eye-tracking data and routines to make the result figures in the article are available from: . The experiment was not preregistered.
