Funding for this research was provided by:
Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems (GR1400)
Article History
Received: 16 August 2024
Accepted: 29 November 2025
First Online: 13 February 2026
Declarations
:
: No
: Our experiments received ethical approval from the Independent Ethics Commission of the Medical Faculty of the University of Tübingen under protocol #429/2024BO2 and the UCL Psychology Ethics Committee under code EP/2018/005.
: Yes
: Yes
: Study 5 was preregistered ( ) prior to conducting the research, and the preregistration adheres to the disclosure requirements of the institutional registry.