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Authors
Hunter, Emily
Kolehmainen, Niina
Nazarpour, Kianoush
Rapley, Tim
Collins, Abigail
Eggett, Christopher
Williams, Craig
Thornton, Christopher
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR302779)
National Institute for Health Research Applied Research Collaboration East of England (NIHR200173)
Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EP/W031493/1)
Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EP/Y028856/1)
Wellcome Trust (Small Grant Scheme)
Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Charity (NU-010133)
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Article History
Received: 12 March 2025
Accepted: 9 January 2026
First Online: 6 March 2026
Declarations
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: The authors have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose. The authors have no competing interests to declare that are relevant to the content of this article.
: All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the Newcastle University research ethics committee, and with the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. The study was approved by the Faculty of Medical Sciences (FMS) Research Ethics Committee of Newcastle University.
: Written and verbal informed consent was obtained from the participating parents of the study.
: The authors affirm that all human research participants provided informed consent for the publication of data. This consent was obtained in writing through their consent forms, which clearly stated that their data could be used for publication. Additionally, participants were verbally informed about the possibility of their data being published as part of the study. All authors have reviewed and agreed to the publication of this manuscript.
