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Authors
Woelk, Sascha P.
Garfinkel, Sarah N.
Mayiwar, Lewend
Knöferle, Klemens M.
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Handelshøyskolen BI (Basic Research Fund)
Handelshøyskolen BI (grant 80410)
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Article History
Received: 10 July 2025
Accepted: 15 January 2026
First Online: 23 April 2026
Declarations
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: The study received approval from the Ethics Review Board (ERB) of BI Norwegian Business School and complied with the ethical standards set forth in the Declaration of Helsinki.
: Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.
: All data were fully anonymized before analysis; no identifiable data or images are included or published. All data are reported in aggregated format only (i.e., averaged across participants), and no personal data were made public.
: The authors have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose and declare that there are no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this paper.
: Stimuli, data, and analysis code are available at OSF ( ). None of the reported studies were preregistered. Due to data protection rules, the raw video recordings collected in the validation study cannot be made available.
