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Article History

Received: 22 August 2024

Accepted: 8 February 2026

First Online: 13 March 2026

Declarations

:

: No data were collected to perform this study.

: No data were collected to perform this study.

: No data were collected to perform this study.

: The authors have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose.

: Code for our proposed model is included in the Appendix, and other code for the study can be found at the openICPSR repository here . The code to conduct the simulation study is also provided. The authors do not have permission to share the data, but the link above provides sufficient information to approximately replicate all empirical analyses using the mean vector and covariance matrix. None of the reported studies were preregistered.