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Article History

Received: 24 August 2025

Accepted: 8 February 2026

First Online: 13 March 2026

Declarations

:

: All empirical analyses in the paper use publicly available datasets that have been previously approved.

: All empirical analyses in the paper use publicly available datasets.

: The author has no conflicts or competing interests to declare.

: There was no preregistration for this paper. De-identified data for the motivating examples, analysis code, and analysis results can be found on the Open Science Framework page associated with this project, located at . Open code for the R Shiny application can be found here, .