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Article History

Received: 17 July 2025

Accepted: 16 February 2026

First Online: 10 April 2026

Declarations

:

: The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest regarding the publication of this article.

: The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Faculty of Social Sciences at Radboud University (ECSW-LT-2022-12-12-32657).

: All participants involved in the data collection of both studies gave signed consent to take part in the studies voluntarily.

: All participants involved in the data collection of both studies gave signed consent to have their anonymized data published in an academic publication as well as conference presentations. Additionally, they could optionally agree to the sharing of potentially identifiable audio/video data for educational or research purposes (e.g., sharing the data with collaborators) and/or to promote the research, through a) presentations/lectures (not publicly available), b) academic publications such as journals or book chapters, and c) social media. Participants who joined the video-mediated interaction experiment, data from which were used in Study 2, could also agree to the sharing of audio/video data with researchers upon request through the MPI for Psycholinguistics Archive.

: MediaPipe motion tracking data for Studies 1 and 2 are available on the OSF repository: . Personal data (i.e., audio/video recordings) for Study 2 can be obtained upon request at . R scripts for statistical analyses and Python scripts for preprocessing time series data and computing DTW distance are available on the GitHub repository: . None of the reported studies were preregistered.