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Article History

Received: 11 August 2025

Accepted: 16 February 2026

First Online: 13 April 2026

Declarations

:

: The authors have no competing interests to declare that are relevant to the content of this article.

: The study involving humans obtained approval from the Ethics Council of the Max Planck Society, Munich, Germany, falling under a packaged ethics application, “Uniquely human cultural diversity and its universal cognitive mechanisms” (Appl. No. 2021_45), and was approved by an internal ethics committee at the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology.

: Written informed consent was obtained from the parents or legal guardians of all children who participated in the study.

: Parents or legal guardians provided written consent for the publication of anonymized data collected from their children. The data can only be accessed by researchers upon request to ensure compliance with ethical and privacy standards.