Jiang, Zehua R. https://orcid.org/0009-0005-2868-324X
Siew, Cynthia S. Q. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3384-7374
Funding for this research was provided by:
Social Science Research Council of Singapore (MOE 2021-SSHR-003)
China Scholarship Council (202306320298)
Article History
Received: 13 May 2025
Accepted: 16 March 2026
First Online: 29 April 2026
Declarations
:
: The study was approved by the Institutional Review Board (NUS-IRB-2022–886: Word associations and lexical-semantic norms for Singapore English) at the National University of Singapore.
: None of the analyses were preregistered. Word frequency and contextual diversity measures and analysis scripts for the results reported in this paper can be found at .
: Not applicable.
: Not applicable.
: Cynthia S. Q. Siew is an Associate Editor of Behavioral Research Methods . She was not involved in the review process.