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Article History

Received: 9 May 2025

Accepted: 5 April 2026

First Online: 29 April 2026

Declarations

:

: The authors declare no conflicts of interest or competing interests related to this work.

: The study was conducted in accordance with the ethical principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki for research involving human participants and was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Department of Psychology at Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin (application 2020–47).

: All participants whose data were collected for the individual-level dataset signed an informed consent form, indicating their agreement to participate in the study.

: All authors agree to the publication of this manuscript in Behavior Research Methods.

: Most of the data analyzed in this study (except for the individual-level data) was sourced and adapted from existing studies in the literature. Neither of the analyses reported was formally preregistered.