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Authors
Hagihara, Hiromichi https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3316-600X
Kimura, Nanako
Zaadnoordijk, Lorijn https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7484-6995
Yasuda, Rei https://orcid.org/0009-0001-0826-038X
Cusack, Rhodri https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5234-7415
Tsuji, Sho https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9580-4500
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
'la Caixa' Foundation (100010434 / LCF/BQ/PI24/12040030)
Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (20H05617)
Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (20H05919)
Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JP21J00750)
Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JP22K13664)
Observatoire de Paris, Université de Recherche Paris Sciences et Lettres (ANR-10-IDEX-0001-02)
Observatoire de Paris, Université de Recherche Paris Sciences et Lettres (ANR-17-EURE-0017)
Observatoire de Paris, Université de Recherche Paris Sciences et Lettres (ANR-24-CE28-2285)
ACT-X (AI Powered Research Innovation / Creation)
Jacobs Foundation (Jacobs Fellowship Grant)
The University of Osaka
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Article History
Received: 5 October 2025
Accepted: 14 April 2026
First Online: 8 May 2026
Declarations
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: This study was a secondary analysis of previously collected data and did not involve the collection of new data from human participants. Use of these data for the purpose of the present project was approved by the Life Science Research Ethics and Safety committee at the University of Tokyo (Approval No. 24-593).
: N/A.
: N/A.
: The anonymized gaze coding data, representing partial data from participants who consented to scientific use ( N = 24), can be found at . The codes for data preprocessing and analysis are available at . None of the experiments were preregistered.
: The authors have no conflict of interest to declare in the submission of this manuscript.
