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Authors
Crotty, Nicholas
Doyle, Alenka
Volkova, Kamilla
Massa, Nicole
Benson, Noah C.
Grubb, Michael A.
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Institutes of Health (R01EY033628)
National Science Foundation (CAREER #2141860)
National Science Foundation (GRFP)
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Article History
Received: 27 June 2025
Accepted: 29 April 2026
First Online: 4 June 2026
Declarations
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: The data analyzed in this manuscript arose from three separate projects that all received ethical approval by the Trinity College Institutional Review Board.
: Informed consent was obtained for each participant.
: Not applicable.
: Nothing to report.
: The code for the CNN-based analyses and the statistical interpretation of model results can be found at . All data can be found at . None of the reported analyses were preregistered.
